Monday, October 25, 2010

Lithium battery

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The term "lithium battery" refers to a family of different chemistries, comprising many types of cathodes and electrolytes.
The most common type of lithium cell used in consumer applications uses metallic lithium as anode and manganese dioxide as cathode, with a salt of lithium dissolved in an organic solvent.
Disassembled CR2016 battery
1st: Anode cup, upside down, spent
lithium partially scratched off
2nd: Separator, a thin layer of porous material soaked with electrolyte - lithium salt in an organic solvent
3rd: Cathode, a tablet of
manganese dioxide
4th: Cathode can, with current collector (carbon layer) on its bottom and a gasket around its inner edge. Damaged by clumsy opening attempt.
Disassembled CR2032 battery From left - negative cup from inner side with layer of lithium (oxidized in air), separator(porous material), cathode (manganese dioxide), metal grid - current collector, metal casing (+)(damaged during opening the cell), on the bottom is plastic sealing ring


Another type of lithium cell having a large energy density is the lithium-thionyl chloride cell. Lithium-thionyl chloride batteries are generally not sold to the consumer market, and find more use in commercial/industrial applications, or are installed into devices where no consumer replacement is performed. In this cell, a liquid mixture of thionyl chloride (SOCl2) and lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl4) acts as the electrolyte and cathode respectively. A porous carbon material serves as a cathode current collector which receives electrons from the external circuit. Lithium-thionyl chloride batteries are well suited to extremely low-current applications where long life is necessary, e.g. wireless alarm systems.

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

David J. Sager
Copyright © 1972 and 1999, David J. Sager. Permission is hereby given for anyone to copy, reproduce, and distribute this work in its entirety or in part, for any purpose, provided that proper attribution to the author is included, and a reference to where the entire work may be obtained is included. If the entire work, including this copyright notice, is kept intact and unaltered, then this in itself constitutes such reference. Otherwise, the requirement for a reference may be satisfied by including a World Wide Web location or Internet Address from which the entire work may be downloaded.
If the work is altered, this must be cl
Table of Contents
0.     Foreword..................................................................................................................... 2
1.     Introduction.................................................................................................................. 6
1.1   Circuit Analysis....................................................................................................... 6
1.2   Describing Circuits.................................................................................................. 6
2.     Network Topology....................................................................................................... 8
2.1   Terminals................................................................................................................. 8
2.2   Links and Currents................................................................................................... 8
2.3   Nodes and Voltages................................................................................................. 9
2.4   Devices.................................................................................................................... 9
2.5   A Network Topology............................................................................................... 9
2.6   Semidevices and Ports............................................................................................. 9
3.     Descriptive Remarks................................................................................................. 11
4.     Some Important Devices and Some Examples........................................................... 15
4.1   One Terminal Devices........................................................................................... 15
4.2   Two Terminal Devices.......................................................................................... 15
4.2.1    The Current Source........................................................................................ 15
4.2.2    The Voltage Source........................................................................................ 17
4.2.3    The Resistor................................................................................................... 19
4.2.4    The Diode...................................................................................................... 21
4.2.5    The Inductor and the Capacitor...................................................................... 24
4.3   Three Terminal Devices........................................................................................ 26
4.3.1    The Silicon Bipolar Transistor...................................................................... 26
4.3.2    The MOSFET................................................................................................ 34
5.     Composite Devices.................................................................................................... 37
6.     Numbers of Equations and Independence of Equations.............................................. 41
6.1   The Essentials........................................................................................................ 41
6.2   Topology................................................................................................................ 42
6.2.1    Summary........................................................................................................ 42
6.2.2    Independence of the Current Balance Equations............................................ 42
6.2.3    Equation Counting.......................................................................................... 45
6.3   Devices.................................................................................................................. 47
6.3.1    Summary........................................................................................................ 56
7.     A Circuit Analysis Program....................................................................................... 57
7.1   Description............................................................................................................ 57
7.2   Example................................................................................................................. 60
8.     Estimating.................................................................................................................. 66early noted in the attribution.

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Revision history of "Electronics/Table of Chemicals"

minor edit •  → = section edit •  ← = automatic edit summary

 

used in electronics