Tuesday, October 26, 2010

Innovation, batteries, and the new energy revolution

For almost a week now the IBD article Volt fraud at Government Motors has been bouncing around my head.
For years I've advocated for the purchase of hybrid cars while longing for a big move to plug-in hybrids, even though most hybrid purchases are not cost-effective for most hybrid buyers. Nonetheless, eating a local, organic diet might not be cost-effective compared to a McDonald's value meal, but it's still far healthier, and a commitment to ending foreign oil dependence is just as healthy. Acer laptop batteries.
Yet, after a decade on the market, hybrids can't even achieve 3 percent market share, despite the government pumping billions of tax payer dollars into these vehicles. That reality, as unfortunate as it might be, is reality.
Now come electric cars and billions more already committed, with the possibility of tens of billions more – exactly what I advocated for years ago - to turn even less cost-effective and unwanted plug-in cars into real world vehicles for the 5 percent of the population that is absolutely committed to going green and/or fighting foreign oil dependence.
Consequently, in some ways hybrids, plug-ins and the Volt do feel like a fraud.
But they are not.
Without any question, the Volt is far too much about marketing rather than GM profits. Still, the Nissan Leaf and the Toyota Prius are more about marketing than sales. All, however, have been worth the investment. Whether they are worth tax credits or not is another question, but that's not the focus of this post.  sony laptop battery.
Certainly, those following this blog know I've been terribly critical of the Chevy Volt. Nevertheless, I've never thought of the Volt as a fraud, never. Sure, I've been very disappointed that GM has, much like Nissan, used the Volt and plug-ins as an excuse not to take greater action on hybrid cars – the battery powered cars with the greatest interim potential according to the latest science – but the more critical issue is R&D into electrification and the innovations such a focus create.
While the potential of hybrid and electric cars is still very much in question, and there is a chance that lithium-powered vehicles will be viewed as the biggest hoax ever in the auto industry, lithium-powered vehicles could, nonetheless, still revolutionize the auto industry.
And that's the rub. Anything is still possible.
The oil-driven economy, however, is nearing its end. Yes, that end could be fifty years away, even a hundred years. Or, it could be just a decade away from its peak. Regardless, history has demonstrated that revolutionary technological breakthroughs are inevitable when it comes to energy, and such revolutions are occurring ever faster. Considering the fact that world could need 40 percent more energy by 2030 – around the same time the population of the world DOUBLES – energy revolution is inevitable. dell battery replacement.
It might not be the battery, or at least not the lithium-battery, that revolutionizes the auto industry. Instead, something like the Volt might just be the spark that ignites the real revolutionary breakthrough. Regardless, change is coming and that change will be led by innovation – the kind of innovation that hybrids and plug-ins like the Volt are breeding.
Consequently, if the Volt is a fraud, it is far less fraudulent than assuming that America can secure its future upon foreign oil dependence for several more decades without revolutionary technological breakthroughs. And the only way such breakthroughs will be achieved is by developing vehicles like the Volt.
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Select IPad Apps Development Company

IBS is a company developing to IPAD. IAD made several applications to the development of their clients. It is the best place for any IPAD related development.
SAI is an offshoot of a company software giant. It has a development center in India. Therefore, they have enough skilled workers so they can hire more developers to better rates.
You can get both quality and quantity. They have a great team of developers selected. Their developers to create a development project of any size IPAD.As an outsourcing company IAD offers competitive pricing for the IPAD development. IAD Mac and iPhone developer who is proficient in their jobs.
IAD iPad working in the field from the start and completed numerous projects for the iPad. You can detect this by examining their portfolios and testimonials. You can even check their references and to estimate their market credibility.
IAD is dedicated to develop software for the iPad tablet form. They have expertise in the development of all types of smartphones like the iPhone, Android, Blackberry, Symbian and Windows Mobile.
IAD usually renders their services in following area of iPad development:
• iPad Application Development
• Hire iPad Programmer / Developer
• iPad Book (eBook) Publisher
• iPad Game Development
• Web Development for iPad Tablet
• iPad Social Networking Application Integration & Development

SAI has all the skills needed to develop IPAD. They have a good graphic artist who designs with excellent graphics and well optimized for the iPad. They have a team of game designer who can design games while 2D and 3D for the iPad. They IPAD development programmers.
All work in a state if you do not have to go elsewhere for any component.IAD offers 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to support because their developers are working to turn.
SAI facilities offer a good communication with their developers. You can contact the developer of e-mails, instant messages and chat sessions and international appeal system.
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History of Windows Mobile Operating Systems

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Windows Mobile has seen many faces throughout the past ten years. Despite all of Microsoft's changes to their mobile devices, it has been losing its share of the smartphone market year after year with 2009 showing a 20% loss. Microsoft's Window Mobile is now the fifth most popular smartphone operating system. It falls behind Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Android and iPhone. In the United States, it is the third most popular smartphone operating system. Despite this, Microsoft is releasing the Windows Phone 7, after much revamping, later this year.

The history of Windows Mobile goes like this. First of all, there are three versions of Windows Mobile for various devices - they include:
Windows Mobile Professional runs on (smartphones) with touch screens, Windows Mobile Standard runs on phones with regular screens and Windows Mobile Classic which runs on 'Windows Mobile Classic devices' (Pocket PCs).

Microsoft first introduced the Pocket PC before releasing Windows Mobile. The Pocket PC 2000 was a personal digital assistant or PDA. This PDA differed from companies such as Palm in that it contained Windows software like Office, Windows Media Player and other Microsoft products. The Pocket PC 2002 was released in 2002 and included Windows Mobile and the PDA capacity.

The Pocket PC 2002 was also called Merlin and it was powered by Windows CE 3.0. Features included those of the 2000 plus spell checker, word count, MSN messenger and more.

In 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 was released and called Ozone. It came in four editions - "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Premium Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Professional Edition", "Windows Mobile 2003 for Smartphone" and "Windows Mobile 2003 for Pocket PC Phone Edition". New features included Bluetooth, picture applications, support for add-on keyboards, and a host of other items.

The Windows Mobile 2003 SE was released in 2004 and allowed users to backup and restore their device through ActiveSync.

Windows 5.0, named Magneto was released in 2005. It used the .NET Compact Framework 1.0 SP3 — an environment for programs based on .NET. It also had push functionality, photo caller ID, GPS and the QWERTY keyboard.


In 2007 came the Windows Mobile 6 "Crossbow". It came in three different versions: "Windows Mobile 6 Standard" for Smartphones (phones without touchscreens), "Windows Mobile 6 Professional" for Pocket PCs with phone functionality, and "Windows Mobile 6 Classic" for Pocket PCs without cellular radios. Windows Mobile 6 was powered by Windows CE 5.0 (version 5.2) and is strongly linked to Windows Live and Exchange 2007 products. Windows Mobile 6 was meant to be similar in design to the then newly released Windows Vista. Windows Mobile 6 included Office Mobile, VoIP calling, improved Internet sharing, HTML email and Microsoft Office OneNote.

Windows Mobile 6.1 followed in 2008 with minor upgrades from 6. There were minor performance enhancements such as a redesigned Home screen with horizontal tiles that expand on clicking, threaded SMS, full page zooming, Domain Enroll, improved bandwidth in push email and improved battery life.


Windows 6.5 and then 7 followed. Windows Mobile 6.5 was described by Microsoft as not being the full release they wanted. The Windows Mobile 7, will be replaced by the Windows Phone 7, which arrives soon this year, 2010. WP7 is codenamed Photon. While the WP7 was to be released in 2009, many ideas were scrapped and progress was delayed as a new platform was designed. WP7 will include a new operating system and integration with Xbox Live and Zune services.  To own a WP7, once it is released, will be relatively easy as the company has so many carrier partnerships, including all the large providers such as Verizon, Sprint, AT&T and many more. The company is hoping to have the handsets available before the holidays.
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Monday, October 25, 2010

Home Page > Technology > Electronics > Learning How a Digital Oscilloscope Works Learning How a Digital Oscilloscope Works

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There are many different kind of oscilloscope. In this article I am going to explain about digital oscilloscope. Digital oscilloscope is different from analog oscilloscope. In digital oscilloscope the waveform is displayed and digitalized. The voltages values are saved in time scale in the memory waves. Basically, digital oscilloscope only repeats the process until it is finished. Some Digital Oscilloscope (DSO) selects the number of the sample stored in memory per acquisition.

DSO performs acquisition in each triggering event. The DSO regularly gets, measures, and also stores the input signal. Then, it delivers the signal through the memory in a process of: first saved - first issued while waiting for a triggering event. Once the oscilloscope is able to identify the triggering event, it takes a snapshot of the waves and then it delivers the information to the monitor. The DSO has two ways in capturing the wave. The first way is by doing a real time sampling and the second is by performing single shot technique. The two techniques results in the footage captured of a triggering event.

A digital oscilloscope must be able to capture the input signal frequency when it performs single shot waveform. Usually a DSO has two kinds of bandwidths. The bandwidths are real time bandwidth and analog bandwidth. Analog bandwidth shows the maximum frequency that can perform accurate snapshot within a triggering event. By using an alternative method of equivalent time sampling, a DSO can accurately capture the signals to the corner of the ribbon. Oscilloscope then receives a lot of triggering events that construct the waveform.

Most of the DSO samples the maximum rate without referencing to a time base. In certain low speed sweeping, the DSO receives a lot more shots than its bandwidth. We can use DSO in several acquisitions mode. The DSO might delete the rest of the shots or use them for the next signals analysis.
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Innovation, batteries, and the new energy revolution

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For almost a week now the IBD article Volt fraud at Government Motors has been bouncing around my head.
For years I've advocated for the purchase of hybrid cars while longing for a big move to plug-in hybrids, even though most hybrid purchases are not cost-effective for most hybrid buyers. Nonetheless, eating a local, organic diet might not be cost-effective compared to a McDonald's value meal, but it's still far healthier, and a commitment to ending foreign oil dependence is just as healthy. Acer laptop batteries.
Yet, after a decade on the market, hybrids can't even achieve 3 percent market share, despite the government pumping billions of tax payer dollars into these vehicles. That reality, as unfortunate as it might be, is reality.
Now come electric cars and billions more already committed, with the possibility of tens of billions more – exactly what I advocated for years ago - to turn even less cost-effective and unwanted plug-in cars into real world vehicles for the 5 percent of the population that is absolutely committed to going green and/or fighting foreign oil dependence.
Consequently, in some ways hybrids, plug-ins and the Volt do feel like a fraud.
But they are not.
Without any question, the Volt is far too much about marketing rather than GM profits. Still, the Nissan Leaf and the Toyota Prius are more about marketing than sales. All, however, have been worth the investment. Whether they are worth tax credits or not is another question, but that's not the focus of this post.  sony laptop battery.
Certainly, those following this blog know I've been terribly critical of the Chevy Volt. Nevertheless, I've never thought of the Volt as a fraud, never. Sure, I've been very disappointed that GM has, much like Nissan, used the Volt and plug-ins as an excuse not to take greater action on hybrid cars – the battery powered cars with the greatest interim potential according to the latest science – but the more critical issue is R&D into electrification and the innovations such a focus create.
While the potential of hybrid and electric cars is still very much in question, and there is a chance that lithium-powered vehicles will be viewed as the biggest hoax ever in the auto industry, lithium-powered vehicles could, nonetheless, still revolutionize the auto industry.
And that's the rub. Anything is still possible.
The oil-driven economy, however, is nearing its end. Yes, that end could be fifty years away, even a hundred years. Or, it could be just a decade away from its peak. Regardless, history has demonstrated that revolutionary technological breakthroughs are inevitable when it comes to energy, and such revolutions are occurring ever faster. Considering the fact that world could need 40 percent more energy by 2030 – around the same time the population of the world DOUBLES – energy revolution is inevitable. dell battery replacement.
It might not be the battery, or at least not the lithium-battery, that revolutionizes the auto industry. Instead, something like the Volt might just be the spark that ignites the real revolutionary breakthrough. Regardless, change is coming and that change will be led by innovation – the kind of innovation that hybrids and plug-ins like the Volt are breeding.
Consequently, if the Volt is a fraud, it is far less fraudulent than assuming that America can secure its future upon foreign oil dependence for several more decades without revolutionary technological breakthroughs. And the only way such breakthroughs will be achieved is by developing vehicles like the Volt.
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Greenpeace Ranks Eco-Friendliness of Electronics Manufacturers; Nintendo Dead Last

Lithium iron phosphate battery

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Lithium iron phosphate battery
specific energy90–110 Wh/kg (320–400 J/g)
energy density220 Wh/L (790 kJ/L)
specific power>3 W/g
Energy/consumer-priceUS$0.40–2.00/Wh (US$0.11–0.56/kJ)
Time durability>10 years
Cycle durability2,000 cycles
Nominal cell voltage3.3 V
The lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) battery, also called LFP battery, is a type of rechargeable battery, specifically a lithium ion battery, which uses LiFePO4 as a cathode material.

Contents

[hide]

 History

LiFePO4 was discovered by John Goodenough's research group at the University of Texas in 1996,[1][2] as a cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. Because of its low cost, non-toxicity, the high abundance of iron, its excellent thermal stability, safety characteristics, good electrochemical performance, and high specific capacity (170 mA·h/g, or 610 C/g) it gained some market acceptance.[3][4]
The key barrier to commercialization was its intrinsically low electrical conductivity. This problem, however, was then overcome partly by reducing the particle size and effectively coating the LiFePO4 particles with conductive materials such as carbon, and partly by employing the doping[3] approaches developed by Yet-Ming Chiang and his coworkers at MIT using cations of materials such as aluminum, niobium, and zirconium. It was later shown that most of the conductivity improvement was due to the presence of nanoscopic carbon originating from organic precursors.[5] Products using the carbonized and doped nanophosphate materials developed by Chiang are now in high volume mass production by A123Systems and other companies,[citation needed] and are used in industrial products by major corporations including Black and Decker's DeWalt brand, General Motors' Chevrolet Volt, Daimler, Cessna and BAE Systems.
Most lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) used in consumer electronics products are lithium cobalt oxide batteries (LiCoO2). Other varieties of lithium-ion batteries include lithium-manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) and lithium-nickel oxide (LiNiO2). The batteries are named after the material used for their cathodes; the anodes are generally made of carbon and a wide variety of electrolytes are used.

 Advantages and disadvantages

The LiFePO4 battery uses a lithium-ion-derived chemistry and shares many of its advantages and disadvantages with other lithium ion battery chemistries. The key advantage for LiFePO4 when compared with LiCoO2 is higher current or peak-power rating.[6]
LFP batteries have some drawbacks:
  1. The specific energy (energy/volume) of a new LFP battery is somewhat lower than that of a new LiCoO2 battery. Battery manufacturers across the world are currently working to find ways to maximize the energy storage performance and reduce size & weight.[7]
  2. Many brands of LFP's have a low discharge rate compared with lead-acid or LiCoO2. Since discharge rate is a percentage of battery capacity this can be overcome by using a larger battery (more ampère-hours). However, A123Systems claims 100C pulse discharge rate.[8]

While LiFePO4 cells have lower voltage and energy density than LiCoO2 Li-ion cells, this disadvantage is offset over time by the slower rate of capacity loss (aka greater calendar-life) of LiFePO4 when compared with other lithium-ion battery chemistries (such as LiCoO2 cobalt or LiMn2O4 manganese spinel based lithium-ion polymer batteries or lithium-ion batteries).[9][10] For example:
  • After one year on the shelf, a LiFePO4 cell typically has approximately the same energy density as a LiCoO2 Li-ion cell.
  • Beyond one year on the shelf, a LiFePO4 cell is likely to have higher energy density than a LiCoO2 Li-ion cell due to the differences in their respective calendar-lives.

Specifications

  • Cell voltage = min. discharge voltage = 2.8 V. Working voltage = 3.0 V – 3.3 V. Max. charge voltage = 3.6 V.
  • Volumetric energy density = 220 Wh/dm³ (790 kJ/dm³)
  • Gravimetric energy density = >90 Wh/kg[11] (>320 J/g)
  • 100% DOD cycle life (number of cycles to 80% of original capacity) = 2,000–7,000 [12]
  • Cathode composition (weight)
    • 90% C-LiFePO4, grade Phos-Dev-12
    • 5% Carbon EBN-10-10 (superior graphite)
    • 5% PVDF
  • Cell Configuration
  • Experimental conditions: ** Note the following is for Cobalt Cathode LiIon cells - should be changed for LiFePO

] Safety

LiFePO4 is an intrinsically safer cathode material than LiCoO2 and manganese spinel. The Fe-P-O bond is stronger than the Co-O bond, so that when abused, (short-circuited, overheated, etc.) the oxygen atoms are much harder to remove. This stabilization of the redox energies also helps fast ion migration. Only under extreme heating (generally over 800 °C) does breakdown occur and this bond stability greatly reduces the risk of thermal runaway when compared with LiCoO2.[citation needed]
As lithium migrates out of the cathode in a LiCoO2 cell, the CoO2 undergoes non-linear expansion that affects the structural integrity of the cell. The fully lithiated and unlithiated states of LiFePO4 are structurally similar which means that LiFePO4 cells are more structurally stable than LiCoO2 cells.[citation needed]
No lithium remains in the cathode of a fully charged LiFePO4 cell—in a LiCoO2 cell, approximately 50% remains in the cathode. LiFePO4 is highly resilient during oxygen loss, which typically results in an exothermic reaction in other lithium cells.[4]

Usage

LFP batteries were featured on the November 5, 2008 episode of Prototype This!. They were used as the power source for a hexapod (walking) vehicle. Lithium Technology Corp. announced in May 2007, that they had developed a new Lithium Iron Phosphate battery with cells large enough for use in hybrid cars, claiming they are "the largest cells of their kind in the world."[13]. While they may be large enough for such uses, there remain limitations to the use of this particular Lithium battery technology which may make their use contraindicated. See Advantage and Disadvantages above for details.
This battery is used in the electric cars made by Aptera[14] and QUICC.[15]
This type of battery technology is used on the One Laptop per Child (OLPC) project.[16]
Killacycle, the worlds fastest electric motorcycle, uses lithium iron phosphate batteries.
Roehr_Motorcycle_Company, uses a 5.8 kW·h capacity LFP battery pack to power its supersport electric motorcycle.
Segway Personal Transporters advanced from a 10 mile range to a 24 mile range with Valence Lithium Phosphate technology.[citation needed]
OLPC batteries are manufactured by BYD Company of Shenzhen, China, the world's largest producer of Li-ion batteries. BYD, also a car manufacturer, plans to use its Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries to power its PHEV, the F3DM and F6DM (Dual Mode), which will be the first commercial dual-mode electric car in the world. It plans to mass produce the cars in 2009.[17]
LFP batteries are gaining popularity now in the world of hobby-grade R/C, due to the benefits over the ever-popular LiPo batteries. They can be recharged much faster and for more cycles, are not prone to catching fire or exploding while recharging, and are more robust than the LiPo type.
LFP batteries are used by electric vehicles manufacturer Smith Electric Vehicles to power its products.
Used by Minneapolis Electric Bike.
Some electronic cigarette modifications also use these types of batteries.

 Notable manufacturers

See also

[edit] References



^ "LiFePO4: A Novel Cathode Material for Rechargeable Batteries", A.K. Padhi, K.S. Nanjundaswamy, J.B. Goodenough, Electrochimical Society Meeting Abstracts, 96-1, May, 1996, pp 73
  1. ^  sciencenews.org
  2. ^ a b Building safer Li ion batteries. http://www.houseofbatteries.com/librarydetail.asp?articleid=11.  houseofbatteries.com
  3. ^ N. Ravet, A. Abouimrane, and M. Armand, Nat. Mater., 2, 702 ~2003. 
  4. ^ A Better Battery? The Lithium Ion Cell Gets Supercharged, Adam Hadhazy , Scientific American, 2009-03-11.
  5. ^ Guo, Y.; Hu, J.; Wan, L. Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Devices. Adv Mater 2008, 20, 2878-2887
  6. ^ http://www.a123systems.com/a123/technology
  7. ^ A123Systems "...Current test projecting excellent calendar life: 17% impedance growth and 23% capacity loss in 15 [fifteen!] years at 100% SOC, 60 deg. C..."
  8. ^ How to prolong lithium-based batteries "...The speed by which lithium-ion ages is governed by temperature and state-of-charge. Figure 1 illustrates the capacity loss as a function of these two parameters...
    • 25 °C...[100% state of charge]...80% after 1 year
    • 40 °C...[100% state of charge]...65% after 1 year
    ..."
  9. ^ [1]
  10. ^ [2]
  11. ^ "Next Generation Battery Technology Makes Hybrid and Electric Vehicles a Reality".  lithiumtech.com
www.quicc.eu
.  www.quicc.eu
  1. ^ Pogue, David (2007-10-04). "Laptop With a Mission Widens Its Audience". New York Times. . Retrieved 2007-10-04.  LiFePO4 used in OLPC nytimes.com
  2. ^ a b China Daily 2008-12-16 08:13 "BYD zooms past Toyota, GM in electric car race"